Opioids

Opioids are a class of prescription narcotic drugs used to treat instances of acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term) pain.  By binding to the opioid receptors of nerves in the brain, spinal cord, and gastrointestinal tract, the drug allows for the diminished perception of and reaction to pain. Opioids create feelings of euphoria and foster a higher resistance to pain, mirroring the body’s natural pain killer, endorphins.

It is important to note that the drug does not treat the actual cause of pain in the body; it merely masks the discomfort. In addition, opioids do not treat inflammation, so they are often combined with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications.

Uses

Patients suffering from moderate to severe pain from conditions such as spinal stenosis (the narrowing of the spinal canal), neuralgia (nerve pain), or osteoarthritis, may find that opioids aid in alleviating pain in the back and neck. Opioids are generally administered orally or intravenously.

Types of Opioids

• Codeine – In addition to relieving mild to moderate pain, codeine also is prescribed as a cough suppressant and anti-diarrheal medication.
• Oxycodone – Oxycodone is usually prescribed in extended-release tablet form only. The powerful pain killer can be dangerous if not gradually introduced into the body and should only be used to treat continuous moderate to severe pain.
• Morphine – Morphine, recommended to alleviate moderate to severe pain, can be taken orally in a tablet, capsule or as a liquid solution.
• Hydrocodone – This opioid, used to relieve moderate to severe pain, comes in a variety of pill and liquid forms. It is often combined with other drugs.

When opioids are combined with other analgesics (pain killers), the drug's effectiveness is much higher and may be considered more dangerous, as the chances of developing a physical or psychological dependence increase. Combinations include hydrocodone and acetaminophen, and oxycodone and aspirin.

Side Effects

There are several side effects of opioids to consider. They should not be taken with alcohol, as extreme drowsiness and possible liver or heart failure can occur. Constipation, cough suppression, drowsiness, dizziness, nausea, and vomiting may also manifest. In contrast, possible feelings of euphoria might lead to dependence. The drug is best used for short periods of time for this reason. Withdrawal symptoms of nausea, sweating, chills, diarrhea, and shaking may develop once use of the drugs ends.