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• opioids:

  Drugs that treat pain by affecting pain perception without treating the underlying cause. These medications affect pain perception only and do not treat the pathologic condition.

• osteophytes:

  Bone spurs.

• osteoporosis:

  A condition in which the bones become more porous and prone to fracture, usually age-related.

• orthosis:

  Brace.

• Osteoarthritis:

  a disease affecting the load-bearing joints, characterized by the deterioration of articulating cartilage that leads to cartilage and bone loss

• Osteophyte:

  Commonly referred to as a bone spur, an osteophyte is a smooth growth of bone that the body develops as a natural healing mechanism.

• orthopedic(s):

  a branch of medicine that focuses on the study, diagnosis, and treatment of the skeletal system, joints, muscles, ligaments, and associated nerves.

• orthopedic surgeon:

  a doctor who specializes in surgical treatment of conditions involving the musculoskeletal system.

• open back surgery:

  the traditional form of back surgery that is massively invasive, often requiring a large incision, the cutting of muscle, the insertion of hardware and/or bone grafts, hospitalization, and a lengthy recovery period.

• open neck surgery:

  the traditional form of surgical procedure to treat a spinal condition in the cervical (upper) region.

• outpatient:

  a patient who does not stay in a hospital for 24 hours or more, but visits a hospital or medical facility for diagnosis and/or treatment. Related to surgery, outpatient refers to a procedure that does not require the patient to stay in the hospital overnight.

• ossification:

  The natural process of bone formation, also called osteogenesis. Ossification can also refer to the hardening of a soft tissue into a bony substance.

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